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biosphere和ecosphere的区别_ecoboost和ecotec

tamoadmin 2024-09-02 人已围观

简介1.At war with the planet 课文翻译thereadv.在那里;到那里;从那里pron.表示存在(与be连用)n.那个地方;那一点Your search for -here matched 2 words in this word listtherewhereYour search for *here matched 42 words in this word listadhe

1.At war with the planet 课文翻译

biosphere和ecosphere的区别_ecoboost和ecotec

there

adv.在那里;到那里;从那里

pron.表示存在(与be连用)

n.那个地方;那一点

Your search for -here matched 2 words in this word list

there

where

Your search for *here matched 42 words in this word list

adhere

坚持

anywhere

在任何地方

asthenosphere

软流圈

atmosphere

气氛

bathysphere

潜水

biosphere

生物圈

chromosphere

色球

cohere

粘着的

coinhere

包括在内

ecosphere

生态圈

elsewhere

其他地方

ensphere

包围

everywhere

到处都是

exosphere

外逸层

hemisphere

半球

here

在这里

hydrosphere

水圈

inhere

固有的

insphere

包围

ionosphere

电离层

isothere

等夏温

lithosphere

岩石圈

magnetosphere

磁层

mesosphere

中间层

microsphere

微球

noosphere

人类圈

nowhere

无处

oosphere

卵球

otherwhere

在别处

ozonosphere

臭氧层

photosphere

光球

planisphere

星座图

rhizosphere

根际

somewhere

在某处

sphere

stratosphere

平流层

there

那里

thermosphere

热层

torchere

torchere

troposphere

对流层

unsphere

取代

where

在那里

At war with the planet 课文翻译

是,

动物是生物的一个主要类群,总称为动物界(Animalia)。它们能够对环境作出反应并移动,捕食其他生物。

一般以为最早的动物是在4.5亿-5亿年前出现的。海绵动物门出现比较早,和别种大不一样。海绵有不同种类的细胞,但是细胞不分化为不同功能的组织。通过不断的演化,动物也经历了从单细胞到多细胞,从水生到陆生,从简单到复杂的过程。

截止到2005年,人类已知世界上的120万种动物,其中有超过90万种是昆虫,甲壳类动物和蜘蛛类动物。

动物是生态系统里面的一个组成部分,它们属于消费者。它们的遗体会被微生物分解成为无机物,再次进入循环。动物的行为同时也塑造了生物圈的形态。

生物(英语:Organism,又称生命体、有机体)是有生命的个体。生物最重要和基本的特征在于生物进行新陈代谢及遗传。生物具备合成代谢以及分解代谢,这是互相相反的两个过程,并且可以繁殖下去, 这是生命现象的基础。自然界是由生物和非生物的物质和能量组成的,无生命的包括物质和能量叫做非生物,(新陈代谢是生物与非生物最本质的区别)

地球上的植物大约有50多万种,动物约有150多万种。多种多样的生物不仅维持了自然界的持续发展,而且是人类赖以生存和发展的基本条件。但是现存的动物急剧减少,只有原来地球上的动物的十分之一。

人类及其他生物居住在生物圈这个美丽家园中。生物圈包括大气圈的底部,水圈的大部和岩石圈的表面。

短语

生物质能[农工] Biomass energy;biomass; [农工] Bioma energy; [农工] bioenergy

生物武器[军] biological weapons; [军] biological warfare;Bioweapon;biological and chemical

生物科学[生物] Biological Sciences; [生物] bio-science;Biological;science

生物膜biomembrane;Biofilm;biological membrane;biological film

水生生物aquatic organism;aquatic life;hydrobiontes;hydrobiose

生物Biological resources;living resources;bioticresources;Blgal rsrs

生物需氧量biological oxygen demand;BOD;biochemical oxygen demand

生物圈biosphere;ecosphere;bio here;shadow biosphere

赘生物vegetation;neoplasm;excrescency;tumor

2基本特征

人们对“生命”下一个科学的定义十分困难,至今还没有一个为大多数科学家所接受的关于生命的定义。但是从错综复杂的生命现象中,我们仍然可以找到生物的一些共性,即生命的基本特征

基础条件

物质基础:物质及元素(种类相同)组成上大体相同

(1)化合物主要为蛋白质与核酸,其中蛋白质是生命活动的主要承担者,核酸是遗传信息的携带者(朊的遗传物质是蛋白质),它们都是生命活动中重要的高分子物质。

(2)元素分为大量元素和微量元素,其中大量元素有C、H、O、N、P、S、K、Ca、Mg等,它们在生命活动中有很大作用;微量元素有Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、B、Mo等,具有量小作用大的特点。

结构基础:除了外,都由细胞构成(则需要依赖活细胞才能进行生命活动)。

新陈代谢

生物体内同外界不断进行的物质和能量交换,在体内不断进行物质和能量转化的过程,叫新陈代谢。新陈代谢是生命现象的最基本特征。新陈代谢是生命体不断进行自我更新的过程,如果新陈代谢停止了,生命也就结束了。

也属于生物,是因为它能进行新陈代谢和繁殖后代,但不能独立完成(需要依赖活细胞)。

应激性

应激性是生物的基本特征之一,体现在生物能对外界刺激作出反应,而反射则是应激性的一种高级形式,两者主要区别在于是否有神经系统参与。无细胞结构,不能独立生活(活细胞内寄生),没有酶系统、供能系统,没有合成新物质所需原料等。可以说,无应激性可言。

生长繁殖

之所以属于生物,是因为它具有生长、繁殖和发育的特征(但不能独立完成,需要依赖寄生细胞)。

遗传变异

遗传是物种稳定的基础,变异产生了进化的原材料。

适者生存

适应环境的如:枯叶蝶伪装成枯叶的样子,躲避天敌;草履虫的趋利避害;长期生活在地下的鼹鼠视力退化;食蚁兽的舌头又细又长等(视力的退化、舌头的变长不能用拉马克的用进废退,获得性遗传解释)。

改变环境的如人类对自然的开发、利用;分解者将动、植物尸体分解后把一些物质返回到自然界中。

有关讨论

一、不论鸡蛋是否受精,都不属于生物。而是多细胞生物的一种细胞和衍生物,因为不具有独立代谢和遗传的能力,所以不是生物,但是它属于生命科学研究的对象。马王堆出土的莲子,2000多年间仍进行着微弱的生命活动。这里的莲子,不属于生物,但具备成为生物的条件。一旦它进入合适的环境,照样可以生根开花结果。

二、地球上没有一个生物个体是单一的生命体,一个人,看上去是单一的,有独立的行为和思维,但是,在他的体内外,同时存在很多其它的生物个体或群体:比如眼睛里的沙眼衣原体,肠道中的大肠杆菌。有很多这样的生物存在于每个人的体内,有些生物个体还可以改变人体的某些行为,甚至影响人的心理进程,虽然对遗传的影响没有证据,但是在很多动物的进化中,估计这些微小的生物一定或多或少地起过作用。人体是一个生物混合体,寄生在人体肠道的蛔虫也是一个生物混合体,它的体内同时存在很多细菌,在沙门氏杆菌的体内还有某些的存在,在这些的体内也可能存在某些噬菌体。所以,生物混合体是一个很复杂的生物群体。

三、人类的智力不是单一存在的,遗传会影响智力的高低。但是,在其发展过程中,由于历史条件不同,周围环境的差异,每个人的能力未必都能得到比较充分的发挥,智力的发挥也受到外界的直接限制,一个人的智力再好,如果生活在几千年前,一样不能造出,所以人类的智力的进化是人类历史整体演进的过程。

求纳!!!

At war with the planet 翻译

星球之战 巴里·卡门纳

1.Human beings live in two worlds. Like all living things, we live on the earth, the natural world, which has been formed by physical, chemical and biological changes for more than five billion years. The other world comes from human creation, such as family, car, farm, factory, laboratory, food, clothing, books, paintings, music, poetry and so on. We are responsible for what hens in the human world, but we are powerless to change the natural world. Storms, droughts, floods and so on are God's "writings". Human beings can't control them and are not responsible for them.

人类生活在两个世界中。和所有的生物一样,我们生存在这个经过50多亿年物理、化学、生物变化所形成的地球上,即自然世界。另外一个世界则源于人类的创造,如家庭、汽车、农场、工厂、实验室、食物、服装、书籍、绘画、音乐、诗歌等。我们为人类世界所发生的一切承担责任,却对自然世界的变化无能为力。风暴、干旱、洪水等都是上帝的“手笔”,人类无法控制,也无须负责。

2.But now, from a global perspective, the boundaries he been broken. There are holes in the ozone layer that protect the earth. Global warming threatens human beings. Even droughts, floods, thermoelectric wes and so on may be human carelessness

但如今,从全球的角度看,这个界限已被打破。对地球起保护作用的臭氧层出现空洞,全球变暖威胁人类,甚至干旱、洪水、热电波等都可能是人类的无心之过。

3.Just as the creation of the universe, such predictive global events he far-reaching implications. They change the relationship between the earth and its star, the sun. The sun plays an important role in the earth through two forces: grity and solar radiation. Grity is a stabilizing force that causes the earth's orbit to move around the sun. Solar radiation, mostly visible light and ultriolet light, is an inexhaustible energy that bathes the earth's surface and fluctuates with time and seasons. Solar energy provides the necessary energy for the process of life: it creates the earth's climate and governs the gradual evolution and current behiour of large and diverse biota. We he been abusing this powerful force, like the legendary rentices of magicians, without realizing that our actions are likely to lead to catastrophic consequences.

正如宇宙的建立,这种预示性的全球是影响深远的。它们改变了地球与它的恒星太阳之间的关系。太阳通过两种力量对地球发挥重要作用:重力和太阳辐射。重力是一种使地球轨道绕太阳转的稳定力量。太阳辐射——大部分为可见光和紫外线——是沐浴着地球表层的取之不尽、用之不竭的能量,它会随时间和季节的变化而波动。太阳能为生命进程提供必需的能量:它创造了地球上的气候并掌管着庞大而多样的生物群的逐渐进化和当前的行为。我们一直在滥用这股强大的力量,就像传说中的魔术师的徒弟一样,并没有意识到我们的这种行为很可能会导致灾难性的后果。

4.Just as the creation of the universe, such predictive global events he far-reaching implications. They change the relationship between the earth and its star, the sun. The sun plays an important role in the earth through two forces: grity and solar radiation. Grity is a stabilizing force that causes the earth's orbit to move around the sun. Solar radiation, mostly visible light and ultriolet light, is an inexhaustible energy that bathes the earth's surface and fluctuates with time and seasons. Solar energy provides the necessary energy for the process of life: it creates the earth's climate and governs the gradual evolution and current behiour of large and diverse biota. We he been abusing this powerful force, like the legendary rentices of magicians, without realizing that our actions are likely to lead to catastrophic consequences.

自从人类第一次登月起,我们就一直习惯于如今这平常无奇的地球景象——一个被装点着旋涡状白云的蓝色星球。这真是个壮观的自然天体。隔着那么远的距离,人类活动的明显痕迹无法被察觉。但这种曾无数次展现在照片、海报和广告上的景象都是误导。即使全球变暖这种灾害永不发生,即使臭氧层空洞仍然只是一种深奥的极地现象,人类活动已极大地改变了地球条件,这些也许是用照相机拍不出来的。世界的每个角落都出现了由核爆炸和核能工业的危险剩余物质所产生的辐射现象,那是从前不存在的;烟霾的有害烈焰笼罩着世界上的大都市;各地都有报道发现母亲的奶水中有致癌的合成杀虫剂的成分;大片大片的森林被砍伐,摧毁了生态小环境,也毁灭了生存在其中的物种。

5.Obviously, we need to understand in depth the interaction between these two worlds: one is the ecosphere on which the thin surface air, water, soil, plants and animals depend; the other is the artificial biosphere, whose enormous power fully deserves the title. Such a large and strong technological circle has changed the natural process of controlling the natural circle. Then the changed ecosphere has inundated our cities, depleted abundant farm resources, polluted food and water, and poisoned our bodies - depriving us of the ability to supply basic human needs. Humanity's encroachment on the ecosphere has been countered. The two worlds are at war.

显而易见,我们需要深入认识这两个世界间的相互作用:一个是稀薄的地表空气、水、土壤和植物、动物们赖以存在的生态圈;另一个是人造生物圈——它庞大的力量完全配得上这一称号。如此庞大和强烈的技术圈已经改变了控制自然圈的自然进程。接着,被改变了的生态圈也已淹没我们的城市,耗尽丰厚的农场,污染食物和水源,并毒害我们的身体——使我们丧失供应人类基本需求的能力。人类对生态圈侵害已遭到反击。两大世界正处于交战状态。

6.

我们所居住的两个世界分别受控于不同的规律。生态圈一个最基本的规律可概括为“万物都互相联系”。这说明生态圈是一个精密的网络,其间的每个成员都与其他成员相联系。因此,在海洋生态系统中,鱼不仅是鱼,也不仅是其他鱼的生育者;它还充当有机废料的生产者,而这些有机废料滋养着微生物甚至水生植物;它又是由植物光合作用生成的氧气的消耗者;它也是的栖息地和鱼鹰的猎食对象。鱼并不仅仅是孤立的鱼,它也是网络上的一个要素并限制网络的功能。的确,从进化论的角度上看,网络中的很多成员,比如微生物和植物,都先于鱼而存在。但正因为鱼能适应这一业已存在的系统,它才得以立足。

7.In the technological circle, the relationship between members, i.e. many kinds of man-made objects, is different relative to their environment. For example, cars stand in communities without restrictions; cars of the same type can run on the bustling Los Angeles Highway or on quiet country roads. Cars are manufactured for sale, as a commodity, without considering that they are suitable for external conditions: transportation systems or the environment. Of course, all cars need access and proper brakes, lights, horns, etc. But as every resident of Los Angeles or New York knows, in recent years, crowded streets and highways he been filled with long cars. These cars are designed to cater to buyers and profit manufacturers, but seldom to suit the environment.

在技术圈中,成员们即众多形形的人造物体之间相对于它们的环境来说关系也不一样。例如,汽车立于社区却不受其限制;同型的汽车可以奔驰在熙熙攘攘的洛杉矶高速公路上,也可以行驶在安静的乡村小路上。汽车被生产出来就是为了出售,就是一种商品,无须考虑它适合于外界条件:交通系统或环境。当然,所有汽车都需要交通通道,并要有合适的闸、灯、喇叭等。但正如洛杉矶或纽约的每个居民所知道的那样,近年来,拥挤的街道和高速公路全都充塞着长龙般的小轿车。而这些小轿车的设计只求迎合买者并使生产商获利,却很少考虑与环境相宜。

8.It is not surprising that automobiles he environmentally unfourable properties only to cater to buyers and manufacturers. People he successfully designed new cars that are comfortable and fast, without considering the essential elements of the environment - human beings themselves and their need for clean, smokeless air.

若只为迎合买者和生产商,汽车具有不利于环境的性能也就不足为奇了。人们成功地设计出了既舒适又快捷的新型汽车,却从不考虑环境中的必备要素——人类本身和他们对清洁的、无烟空气的需求。

9.Even farms so close to nature in the technological world suffer from the same conflict with the environment. As artificial objects, farms are only designed to produce crops. Therefore, after World War II, agronomists strongly advocated increasing the input of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Production has increased, but not in direct proportion to fertilizer input; year after year, crops he absorbed fewer and fewer fertilizers, most of which are lost to groundwater through soil, and pollute rivers, lakes and freshwater supplies in the form of nitrates. Nitrogen fertilizers are sold only to increase production, and even manufactured solely to increase the profits of the chemical industry. When inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were introduced in the 1950s, little attention was paid to their ecological conditions in soil/water systems and the hazards of increasing nitrate concentration in drinking water.

就连技术圈中如此接近自然的农场也遭受到同样的与环境的冲突。作为人造物体,农场仅仅旨在生产农作物。为此,二战后农学家们大力提倡增加化学氮肥料的投入量。生产量增长了,却与肥料投入量不成正比;年复一年,庄稼吸收到的肥料日益减少,投入的肥料大都通过土壤流失到地下水中,并以硝酸盐的形式污染河流、湖泊和淡水供应。仅仅为了提高产量而出售氮肥料,甚至单单为了提高化学工业的利润而生产氮肥料。20世纪50年代引进无机氮肥料时,人们就很少考虑其在土壤/水系统中的生态情况和饮用水中硝酸盐比重提高的危害。

lO.The second ecological law - "Everything can be transformed into something else" - is combined with the first one, reflecting the importance of circulation in the natural circle. For example, in aquatic ecosystems, the chemical elements involved move through closed circulation processes. When fish breathe, they produce carbon dioxide, which is then absorbed by aquatic plants and used for photosynthesis to produce the oxygen they need to breathe. Fish secrete nitrogen-containing organic compounds; when wastes are decomposed by aquatic bacteria and moulds, organic nitrogen is converted into nitrates; in turn, nitrates are essential nutrients for aquatic algae; when aquatic algae are absorbed by fish, they will contribute to the production of organic wastes, and this cycle is completed. In this closed cycle system, there is no real "waste" and everything generated in the cycle will be converted into something else and used in the next step.

第二条生态规律——“任何事物都会转化成其他事物”——与第一条合起来,体现出自然圈中循环的重要性。例如在水域生态系统中,参与其中的化学要素通过封闭的循环流程运动。鱼呼吸时产生二氧化碳,接下来,二氧化碳被水生植物吸收并用于光合作用生成鱼呼吸需要的氧气。鱼分泌出含氮的有机化合物;当废料被水生细菌和霉分解时,有机氮就转化为硝酸盐;依次下来,硝酸盐又是水生藻类的必要营养品;水生藻类被鱼吸收后会促成其产生有机废料,这个循环到此完成。在这个封闭的循环系统中,没有真正的“废料”,循环中产生的任何事物都会转化为它物并在下一步被利用。

11.Contrary to the ecosphere, the technological sphere is determined by linear processes. Crops and animals that feed on them are eaten; and their waste is washed into sewers and disposed of to form a constant but varied quantity, and then the remainder is dumped into rivers or oceans, thus disrupting the natural waters ecosystem. Uranium is mined and processed into atomic fuel for energy production, which is then converted into highly radioactive nuclear waste. To prevent environmental pollution, these nuclear waste must be carefully stored for thousands of years. But so far, custody has been ineffective. Now the main energy source in the technology circle is fossil fuels. Once used up, it will never live again. The ultimate consequence of linear processes is the threat of air pollution and global warming. So in the technological world, substances are linearly converted to waste: crops are converted to waste; uranium is radioactive residue; and fossil fuels are converted to carbon dioxide. In the technological circle, the end of the straight line is always waste, which is an attack on the circulation process of the ecosystem.

与生态圈相反,技术圈是由线性流程决定的。农作物和以它们为生的动物被人食用;而它们的废料被冲进下水道,经处置后构成保持不变但数量发生变化,然后残余部分被倒入河流或海洋中,因此这部分废物便打乱了自然水域生态系统。铀经开后被加工成用于生产能源的原子燃料,然后变成放射性极强的核废料。为防污染环境,这些核废料必须被认真保管长达数千年。但迄今为止,保管工作一直效果不佳。现在技术圈运作的能源主要是矿物燃料,一旦用完,永不再生。线性流程的最终后果就是空气污染和全球变暖的威胁。所以,在技术圈中,物质被直线性地转化为废物:农作物转化为污物;铀成为放射性残余;矿物燃料成为二氧化碳。在技术圈中,直线末段永远是废物,是对生态圈循环流程的攻击。